Lailatul Masruroh

A. Pengertian Suara
Suara adalah fenomena fisik yang dihasilkan oleh getaran benda atau getaran suatu benda yang berupa sinyal analog dengan amplitudo yangberubah secara kontinyu terhadap waktu. Suara berhubungan erat dengan rasa “mendengar”. Suara/bunyi biasanya merambat melalui udara. Suara/bunyi tidak bias merambat melalui ruang hampa.

B. Konsep Dasar
Suara dihasilkan oleh getaran suatu benda. Selama bergetar, perbedaan tekanan terjadi di udara sekitarnya. Pola osilasi yang terjadi dinamakan sebagai “GELOMBANG”.
Gelombang mempunyai pola sama yang berulang pada interval tertentu, yang disebut sebagai “PERIODE”.
Contoh suara periodik : instrument musik, nyanyian burung, dll
Contoh suara nonperiodik : batuk, percikan ombak, dll

Suara berkaitan erat dengan :

1. Frekuensi
- Banyaknya periode dalam 1 detik
- Satuan : Hertz (Hz) atau cycles per second (cps)
- Panjang gelombang suara (wavelength) dirumuskan = c/f
Dimana c = kecepatan rambat bunyi
Dimana f = frekuensi
Contoh:
Berapakah panjang gelombang untuk gelombang suara yang memiliki kecepatan rambat 343 m/s dan frekuensi 20 kHz?
Jawab:
WaveLength = c/f = 343/20 = 17,15 mm.

Berdasarkan frekuensi, suara dibagi menjadi:
a.Infrasound 0Hz – 20 Hz
b.Pendengaran manusia 20Hz – 20 KHz
c.Ultrasound 20KHz – 1 GHz
d.Hypersound 1GHz – 10 THz

Manusia membuat suara dengan frekuensi : 50Hz – 10KHz. Sinyal suara musik memiliki frekuensi : 20Hz – 20Khz. Sistem multimedia menggunakan suara yang berada dalam range pendengaran manusia.Suara yang berada pada range pendengaran manusia sebagai “AUDIO”, dan gelombangnya sebagai “ACCOUSTIC SIGNALS”. Suara diluar range pendengaran manusia dapat dikatakan sebagai “NOISE” (getaran yang tidak teratur dan tidak berurutan dalam berbagai frekuensi, tidak dapat didengar manusia).

2. Amplitudo
- Keras lemahnya bunyi atau tinggi rendahnya gelombang.
- Satuan amplitudo adalah decibel (db)
- Bunyi mulai dapat merusak telinga jika tingkat volumenya lebih besar dari 85 dB dan pada ukuran 130 dB akan mampu membuat hancur gendang telinga.

3. Velocity
- Kecepatan perambatan gelombang bunyi sampai ke telinga pendengar.
- Satuan yang digunakan : m/s
- Pada udara kering dengan suhu 20 °C (68 °F)m kecepatan rambat suara sekitar 343 m/s

C. REPRESENTASI SUARA
Gelombang suara analog tidak dapat langsung direpresentasikan pada komputer. Komputer mengukur amplitudo pada satuan waktu tertentu untuk menghasilkan sejumlah angka. Tiap satuan pengukuran ini dinamakan “SAMPLE”.

D. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION (ADC)
Adalah proses mengubah amplitudo gelombang bunyi ke dalam waktu interval tertentu(disebut juga sampling), sehingga menghasilkan representasi digital dari suara.
Sampling rate : beberapa gelombang yang diambil dalam satu detik.
Contoh : jika kualitas CD Audio dikatakan memiliki frekuensi sebesar 44100 Hz, berarti jumlah sample sebesar 44100 per detik.
Nyquist Sampling Rate : untuk memperoleh representasi akurat dari suatu sinyal analog secara lossless, amplitudonya harus diambil sample-nya setidaknya pada kecepatan (rate) sama atau lebih besar dari 2 kali lipat komponen frekuensi maksimum yang akan didengar.
Mis: Untuk sinyal analog dengan bandwith 15Hz – 10kHz
→ sampling rate = 2 x 10KHz = 20 kHz

E. DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
Adalah proses mengubah digital audio menjadi sinyal analog. DAC biasanya hanya menerima sinyal digital Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).PCM adalah representasi digital dari sinyal analog, dimana gelombang disample secara beraturan berdasarkan interval waktu tertentu, yang kemudian akan diubah ke biner. Proses pengubahan ke biner disebut Quantisasi.PCM ditemukan oleh insinyur dari Inggris, bernama Alec Revees pada tahun 1937.
Contoh DAC adalah: soundcard, CDPlayer, IPod, mp3player

F. BERBAGAI FORMAT AUDIO

1. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) [ .m4a ]
• AAC bersifat lossy compression (data hasil kompresi tidak bias dikembalikan lagi ke data sebelum dikompres secara sempurna, arena setelah dikompres terdapat data-data yang hilang).
• AAC merupakan audio codec yang menyempurnakan MP3 dalam hal medium dan high bit rates.
Cara kerja:
1. Bagian-bagian sinyal yang tidak relevan dibuang.
2. Menghilangkan bagian-bagian sinyal yang redundan.
3. Dilakukan proses MDCT (Modified Discret Cosine Transform) berdasarkan tingkat kekompleksitasan sinyal.
4. Adanya penambahan Internal Error Correction.
5. Kemudian, sinyal disimpan atau dipancarkan.
Kelebihan AAC dari MP3:
1. Sample ratenya antara 8 Hz – 96 kHz, sedangkan MP3 16 Hz – 48 Hz.
2. Memiliki 48 channel.
3. Suara lebih bagus untuk kualitas bit yang rendah (dibawah 16 Hz).
• Software pendukung AAC : IPod dan Itunes, Winamp.
• Handphone : Nokia N91, Sony Ericsson W800, dan Motorola ROKR E1.
• Hardware: Play Station Portable (PSP) pada Agustus 2005.

2. WAVEFORM AUDIO [ .WAV ]
- WAV adalah format audio standar Microsoft dan IBM untuk PC.
- WAV biasanya menggunakan coding PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
- WAV adalah data tidak terkompres sehingga seluruh sampel audio disimpan semuanya di harddisk.
- Software yang dapat menciptakan WAV dari Analog Sound misalnya adalah Windows Sound Recorder.
- WAV jarang sekali digunakan di internet karena ukurannya yang relatif besar.
- Maksimal ukuran file WAV adalah 2GB.

3. Audio Interchange File Format [.AIF]
- Merupakan format standar Macintosh.
- Software pendukung: Apple QuickTime

4. Audio CD [.cda]
- Format untuk mendengarkan CD Audio
- CD Audio stereo berkualitas sama dengan PCM/WAV yang memiliki sampling rate 44100 Hz, 2 Channel (stereo) pada 16 bit.
- Durasi = 75 menit dan dynamic range = 95 dB.

5. Mpeg Audio Layer 3 [.mp3]
- Merupakan file dengan lossy compression.
- Sering digunakan di internet karena ukurannya yang cukup kecil dibandingkan ukuran audio file yang tidak terkompresi.
- Distandarisasi pada tahun 1991.
- Kompresi dilakukan dengan menghilangkan bagian-bagian bunyi yang kurang berguna bagi pendengaran manusia.
- Kompresi mp3 dengan kualitas 128 bits 44000 Hz biasanya akan menghasilkan file berukuran 3-4 MB, tetapi unsur panjang pendeknya lagu juga akan berpengaruh.
- Software pemutar file mp3 : Winamp.
- Software encoder : LAME (Lame ain’t MP3 Encoder), sebuah encoder mp3 open source dan freeware yang dibuat oleh Mike Cheng pada awal tahun 1998.
- Macam-macam bit rate: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s

6. MIDI (Music Instrument Digital Interface)
Standard yang dibuat oleh perusahaan alat-alat musik elektronik berupa serangkaian spesifikasi agar berbagai instrumen dapat berkomunikasi.
MIDI = format data digital

Interface MIDI terdiri dari 2 komponen:

1. Perangkat Keras
Hardware yang terhubung ke peralatan (alat instrumen / komputer)

2. Data Format
Pengkodean informasi
• spesifikasi instrument
• awal / akhir nada
• frekuensi
• volume suara
MIDI device (mis. synthesizer) berkomunikasi melalui channel
• piranti standard memiliki 16 channel
• 128 macam instrumen (termasuk noise effect)
mis : 0 Accoustic piano
12 Marimba
40 Violin
• 1 channel dapat memainkan 3 – 16 note
MIDI Reception Mode
. Mode 1 : Omni On / Poly
. Mode 2 : Omni On / Mono
. Mode 3 : Omni Off / Poly
. Mode 4 : Omni Off / Mono
Komponen-Komponen MIDI device
• Sound generator ? pembangkit suara synthesizer
• Microprocessor ? mengirim / menerima MIDI message
• Keyboard ? mengontrol synthesizer secara langsung
• Control Panel ? mengatur fungsi-fungsi selain nada dan durasi (volume, jenis suara, dll)
• Auxiliary Controllers ? memanipulasi nada (modulation, pitch, dll)
• Memory
MIDI Message
Format MIDI message terdiri dari status byte (keterangan mengenai jenis pesan) dan data bytes.
Terdapat 2 jenis MIDI message:
1. Channel Message (dikirim pada piranti tertentu)
2. System Message (dikirim pada semua piranti dalam sistem)
SOFTWARE – SOFTWARE :
1. Winamp,
2. RealPlayer,
3. Windows Media Player,
4. KMPlayer,
5. QuickTime,
6. XMMS,
7. ZoomPlayer,
8. JetAuido,
9. SoundForge,
10.dbPowerAmp,
11.MusicMatchJukeBox,
12.ITunes.

UNIT 1


A. SIMPLE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE / CONTINOUS TENSE

1. Simple Present Progressive Tense / Continouse Tense It is used to tell about an event that is in progress at the time of speaking.
Example :
a.The students are studying now
b.The worker is building a house
c.I am explaining about simple present progressive

2. The Presents Continous Tense
Pattern :

(+) S + aux (is, am, are) + Verb-ing + O
(- ) S + aux (is, am, are) + Verb- ing + O
(? ) aux (is, am, are ) +S + Verb-ing + O

Example :
(+) The men practice the industry practice this mounth
(- ) The men aren’t practice the industry practice this mounth
(? ) Are the men practicing the industry practice this mounth

3. Time Signal
a.Now
b.At the moment
c.Right now
d.Just now
e.At the present
f.Today


B. FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE

1. It is used for describing an actions or something. That will be happening at the coming time.

2. Future Continous Tense
Pattern :

I/we + shall + be + Verb-ing
You / they / he / she / if + will be + Verb-ing


Example:
a.I shall be going to the beach at six tomorrow morning
b.Mr Andi will ba teaching math on Monday next week.

3. Time Signal
a.At this time next year,next wek
b.At this time tomorrow
c.At five o’clock p.m tomoorow
d.At the some time tomorrow

4 Countion
a.Introgative sentence : shall / will is places before the subject of the sentence
b.Negative sentence : we add “not” after ahall or will use “Presents Continous Tense” or “Future Continous Tense”to correct the verb in the brocket.

C. Introductory “There”
1.
Example:
a. There is a student in the classroom
( +) There is a student in the classroom
( - ) There is not a student in the classroom
There is no a student in the classroom
( ? ) Is there a student in the classroom ?
Yes, there is
No, there is not

b. There are some nails in the drawer
(+) There are some nails in the drawer
(- ) There are not any nails the drawer
There are no nails the drawer
(? ) Are there any nails in the drawer
Yes, there are
No, there aren’t
2.
Example:
a. How many chairs are there ?
There are 40 chairs
b. How much persol is there
There is some petrol

3. Preposition
a.in i. below
b.on j. before
c.over k. between
d.above l. among
e.under m. in front of
f.behind n. in the middle of
g.beside o. at the corner
h.at p. at the back of

Example:
a. There are some screws in the gox
b. There is some oil in the jerry can
c. He is at home now

D. Expressing feeling

1. Adjective for expressing feelings
a.Sad f. crazy
b.Happy g. glad
c.Nervous h. confuse
d.Angry i. hope less
e.Anxious j. wonderful

2. Adjective for expressing with-ing and-ed

No Adjective ending in-ing Adjective ending in –ed
1 Boring Bored
2 Fascinating Fascinated
3 Exciting Excited
4 Amuzing Amuzed
5 Amazing Amazed
6 Asthonishing Astonished
7 Shocking Shocked
8 Disgunting Disgusted
9 Embarrassing Embarrassed
10 confusing Confused
11 Horrifying Horrified
12 Terrifying Terrified
13 Frightening Frightened
14 Depressing Depressed
15 Worrying Worried
16 Annoying Annoyed
17 Exhausting Exhausted
18 Satis fying Satis fied
19 Tiring Tiried
20 Interesting Interested
Example:
a. The book is interesting. Every body is intresfed to buy.
b. The students is confusing, tha students fuul confused.

3. Work and expressions used in expressing opinions

a. To ask for opinions:
a.What do you think of /about your school?
b.What’s your opinion of valentine day?
c.How do you find of global warning?
d.How do you feel about education in Indonesia?
Etc.

b. To give opinions:
 a.I think that my school is good
 b.In my opinions that valentine day isn’t inportainf
 c.What I have in my mind is very worrying
 d.If you ask me about education in Indonesia is very advance
 e.If you my opinion about smoking,it is very exciting
 f.Ask for as I am concerned polygamy is very interesting
 g.It seems to me that polygamy is annoying
 Etc.


UNIT 2


A. MEMORANDUM

is used when we wanf to convey information or insfructon to anotherstaff member or when we want to seek information within the organization. Nd when a telephone call will not do the job. This is for internal communication and can range from almost not from to what is practically a letter memos can even be hand written, on a pre-printed or special form or sent from one PC screen to another.

Example:

INTERNAL MEMORANDUM

To : Headmaster
From : Mrs laila
Date : 26 feb 2009
Subject :School furniture


Our school need some new tables,chairs and cupboard can you arrange them.we need comfortable tables and chairs in any merk.and cupboard the maximum amounf of money you can spend is Rp 5.000.000.00,




2. There is / there are

Example:
There is a coffee shop a head.
There are falling rocks

3. Passive instruction

Example:
It is forbidden parking the car here
It isn’t allowed to overtake
It isn’t prohibited to smoke


B. DEGREES OF COMPARISON

1. Positive degree

As + adj + as

a.Dina is as old as rina
b.The red book is as cheap as the blue book
c.Bona isn’t as old as bani (negative degree)
d.The red book isn’t as cheap as the blue book (negative degree)

2. Comparative degree
* Adj + er…than


Big – bigger
Fast – faster
Long – longer
Short – shorter
Slow – slower
Small – smaller
Old – older
Young –younger
Cheap-cheaper
Tall – taller
Near –nearer
Sharp – sharper

* more + adj….than



Expensive – more expensive
Beautiful – more beautiful
Interesting – more interesting

3. Superlative degree

* adj + est


Big > the biggest
Tall > the tallest
Show > the slowest
Large > the largest
High > the highest
Smart > the smartest
Small > the smallest
Wide > the widest

Example :
 a.Jaya wijaya more than is the highest mountain in Indonesia
 b.Indah is the tallest students in 1st class
 c.The boy is the smartest in his class

* the most + adj


a) Beautiful – the most beautiful
b) Interesting – the most interesting
c) Expensive – the most expensive
d) Slowly – the most slowly

Example:
a.Ferrari is the most expensive car in Indonesia
b.The man is the most interesting men I have ever men



C. REPORTED SPEECH AND PRONOUNS

1. Pattern:

Direct Indirect
1. s. present ( s + V1 + O ) Past tense ( s + V2 + O )
2. s. present prog (s + is, am, are + Ving ) Past prog (s + was, were + Ving)
3. present prefect (s + has/have + V3) Past perfect (s +had + V3)
4.past tense (s +V2) Past perfect (s + had +V3)
5.past perfect (s +had +V3 ) Past perfect (s +had +V3 )
6.future (s +will +V1 ) Past future (s +would +V1 )
7.modals
a) can
b) shall
c) may
d) must
e) has/have to
f) could
g) should
h) wouldi)
a) could
b) should
c) might
d) had to
e) had to
f) could
g) should
h) would



a. Positive from

Example:
She said’’take the second left’’
She asked me to take the second left.

B. Negative from

Example:
The teacher said’’don’t come late’’
The teacher asked me not to come late.

C. WH-Question

Example:
The teacher asks “ why are you late?”
The teacher asks why I late
The teacher asked why I was late

D. Yes / No question

Example :
The teacher asked “ do you come late
The teacher asked if/ whether I come late
The boy asked if / whether I had done my job
The boy asked if / wherther I had done my job

E. Inperative from

Example :
Mother sais “ be carefull !
Mother said to be carefull
Amanda told “ let me beside you !
Amanda told to let her beside me

F. Indirect prohibition

Example :
Willy said “ don’t close the door !”
Willy said not to close the door
Juliette said “ don’t leave me !
Juliette said not to leave me

UNIT 3

A. conditionals

1.Real situations in the presents or future

If +presents tense,future tense

Example:
If you eat a lot , you will be overweight

2. Unreal situations in the presents time

If + past tense, Would
Could +V1
Might
Example:
a. If I had a lot of money. I would buy a luxurious car
Reality: you don’t have a lot of money, so you don’t buy a luxurious car
b) If I were bill bate, I would give a computer to every student in the would.
Reality: you are not bill gate, so you don’t give a computer to every student in the would.

3. Unreal situations in the past

If + past perfect , would
Could + perfect infinitive
might
Example:
a) if he had know your phone number, he would have called you
Reality: he didn’t know your phone number,so he didn’t call you.
b) if she hadn’t driven her car carelessly, she wouldn’t have had the accident
reality: she drove her car carelessly, she had the accident

4. Inversion

a. In number 2, “if” can omitted when if is followed by “were” then, “were” before the subject.
Example :
If she were taller, she could become a model
Were she taller, she could become a model
b In number 3, “if” can be omitted. The, “had” should come before the subject.
Example :
If you had arrived earlier, you have met my grandmother.
Had you arrived earlier, you would have met my grandmother

1. Words and expressions used to talk about

a) Capability
we can talk about having capability by using :

Can, could, be able to capable, etc.


Example:
• she can swim across the river
• the mechanic could do the job satisfactorily
• when I was a job aBoy, I was able to jump over that high wall.
• etc

b)Icapability
We can talk about incapability by using


Can not/can’t, could not/couldn’t, be (not) able to, incapable, etc.


Example :
• He can’t carry the heavy box himself.
• She couldn’t speak Indonesia when she moved two years ago.
• The men ins’t able to repair the broken machine.
• Etc.

2. Can / could / be able to V1

CAN = BE ABLE TO ( be is conjugated becomes is/am/are)


Example:
• I can see you tomorrow = I am able to see you tomorrow
• She can’t sing well = she isn’t abel to sing well.
• Etc.

COULD = BE ABLE TO ( be is conjugated becomes was/were )

Example:
• I could understand him = I was able to understand him
• They couldn’t come on time = they weren’t able to sing well.
• Etc.

Notes:
• CAN is used in present time where as COULD is used both in present and past time.
• We can use can or COULD after other modal auxiliaries in a sentences. We must use be ABLE TO

Example:
• Mother expects she will be able to play piano well after taking an intensive course
• The grls have been able to dance Javanese, dances since they were children.


D EXPRESSION FOR ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTION

1. Indoor direction

Expressions used for finding places in buildings
You have red the dialogues in which ask for and give directions in buldings. The followings are more expressions used to ask for and give direction!

• ASking for directions
a. I wonder wherther you can help me?
how do I get there…..?
b. Could you tell me where….?
I’d like to meet….?
c. Pardon me can you tell me how I can get…?
I’m looking for…?
d. Where can I fnd…?
where is…?

• Giving direction n buildings
a. go down/ up this hall/ corridor.
It’s the second door on your right as come from the stairs/ elevator (s)
b. go straight ahead.
on the floor.
c. turn left/ right
next to the training department
d. make a left/ right turn
at the end of the corridor



2. here is A list of prepositions which indicate locations

At under/ below in front of
On beside at the back of
In/ inside between in the middle of
Above among in the corner
On the top against on the right of


Example:
b. can you tell me the way to…?
c. Could you tell me the way to..?
d. Will you tell me the way to…?

Cautions: would you and could you are very useful request from and it is more polite that can you or wiil you.

Merekam Dengan Menggunakan Komputer

A. Sarana Pendukung Merekam di Dalam Komputer :

1. SoundCard, Periferal yang digunakan untuk mendengarkan Music.
SoundCard Dibagi Menjadi 2, yaitu :
a. Onbord : SoundCut yang berada dalam satu rangkaian dalam Motherboard
b. Tidak Onbord : SoundCut yang tidak terangkai dalam satu MotherBoard
2. Software (CoolEdit) / Driver (Sound Media Player)
3. Microphone & Speaker

B. Cara Menggabungkan Suara Dengan Music

1. Mainkan Music Tersebut Dalam Sound Media Player (Winamp),
2. Rekam suara kita di CoolEdit dengan music yang ada di Winamp, Setelah selesai distop, matikan sejenak music di Winamp untuk melihat hasil Perekaman kita, Kemudian Dengarkan hasil perekaman kita dengan mengklik Play.

C. Mengkopy-Paste di CoolEdit

1. Buka File-Open, Kemudian blok
2. Edit-Copy
3. Buka File-New, dan aktifkan salah satu,
4. Edit-Paste

Panduan lengkap bagaimana cara mencetak anak CERDAS, KREATIF dan JENIUS yang bisa dilakukan semua orang tua.

Apa saja yang telah Anda lakukan untuk mencetak anak Anda menjadi cerdas, kreatif dan jenius ? Sudahkah Anda melakukan tindakan nyata untuk mengembangkan potensi luar biasa anak Anda.


Akhirnya kami terbitkan, sumber referensi bagi semua orang tua Indonesia untuk mencerdaskan anaknya. Panduan lengkap cara mencetak anak cerdas, kreatif dan jenius yang wajib dimiliki orang tua. Semua bisa Anda dapatkan di situs pendidikan anak : AnakJenius.com.

Jadilah yang pertama mengetahui informasi berharga ini...!

Saudara yang saya hormati,

Memiliki anak yang lucu dan lincah sangatlah menyenangkan, bukan ? Namun, memiliki anak yang lucu, lincah, cerdas, kreatif dan bahkan jenius, tentu lebih menarik dan membanggakan.

Anak adalah "kekayaan" yang tak ternilai. Anak adalah "investasi" dunia akhirat. Anak adalah amanah bagi orang tua. Tugas orang tua adalah memaksimalkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anaknya. Sehingga kelak anak bisa tumbuh dan berkembang, tidak hanya lucu, namun juga cerdas, kreatif dan bahkan jenius.

Orang tua tidak bisa mengandalkan pendidikan anaknya kepada sekolah. Demikian juga, orang tua tidak bisa mengandalkan pengetahuan tentang cara mendidik anak dari leluhur saja, tanpa belajar dan menerapkan metode dan penemuan terbaru.
anak cerdas,pendidikan anak,anak usia dini Masalahnya, bagaimana cara mencetak anak cerdas, kreatif dan jenius itu ?
Mungkin itulah pertanyaan semua orang tua dan calon orang tua. Namun jangan khawatir, halaman ini akan memberikan jawabannya. Saudara… Jika Anda adalah :

* Seseorang yang telah memiliki anak dan memimpikan anaknya anak cerdas, kreatif dan jenius

* Seseorang yang merencanakan memiliki anak dan menginginkan anaknya tumbuh dan berkembang secara maksimal

* Seseorang yang akan segera menikah, dan ingin mempersiapkan diri untuk menjadi orang tua yang baik bagi anaknya

* Pemerhati bidang pendidikan, khususnya pendidikan anak

* Pendidik / guru

* Orang tua yang ingin anaknya mendapatkan pendidikan dini terbaik

* Orang tua yang mengalami kesulitan dalam mendidik anak

* Seorang yang ingin menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan tentang cara mencetak anak cerdas, pintar dan berprestasi

* Atau siapapun Anda